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Yelena Bonner
Yelena Georgievna Bonner (; 15 February 1923 – 18 June 2011)〔The Sunday Times Magazine, The Sunday Times, 18 December 2011, page 64〕〔(Sakharov's widow Yelena Bonner dies at 88 in U.S. – media ), RIA Novosti, 19 June 2011.〕 was a human rights activist in the former Soviet Union and wife of the noted physicist Andrei Sakharov. During her decades as a dissident, Bonner was noted for her characteristic blunt honesty and courage.
==Youth==
Bonner was born Lusik Georgievna Alikhanova〔(Yelena Bonner biography ) (In Russian)〕 in Merv, Turkmen SSR, USSR (now Mary, Turkmenistan). Her father, Georgy Alikhanov (Armenian name Gevork Alikhanyan),
〔(Official site of Moscow Helsinki Group )(In Russian)〕 was an Armenian who founded the Soviet Armenian Communist Party,〔 and was a highly placed member of the Comintern; her mother, Ruf (Ruth Bonner), was a Jewish Communist activist. She had a younger brother, Igor, who became a career naval officer. Her family had a summer dacha in Sestroretsk and Bonner had fond memories there.
In 1937, Bonner's father was arrested by the NKVD and executed as part of Stalin's Great Purge; her mother was arrested a few days later, and served eight years in a forced labor camp near Karaganda, Kazakhstan, followed by nine years of internal exile. Bonner's 41-year-old maternal uncle, Matvei Bonner, was also executed during the purge, and his wife internally exiled. All four were exonerated (rehabilitated) following Stalin's death in 1953. Serving as a nurse during World War II, Bonner was wounded twice, and in 1946 was honorably discharged as a disabled veteran. After the war she earned a degree in pediatrics from the First Leningrad Medical Institute, presently First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Peterburg.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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